In man the phenotypes and genotypes with respect to the conditions of anaemia are as follows: Phenotype Genotype Normal haemoglobin HbA HbA Sickle cell trait HbAHbS Sickle cell anaemia HbS HbS a) What is the genotype of children born of a woman and man with sickle cell trait. Use a punnet square to show your working (4mks)
b) What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios (2mks)

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c) State two ways that can be used to determine the genotype of an individual. (2mks) ........................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................ .......................................................................................................................................................

a) A response exhibited by a certain plant is illustrated below;

i) Name the type of response (1mk)

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ii) Explain how the response named in

(i) above occurs (3mks)

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b) How are the following structures of a mammalian ear adapted to their functions?
i) Tympanic membrane (1mk)
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ii) Cochlea (3mks)
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The diagram below show a stage in cell division in meiosis.

a)

i) Name the parts A and B (2mks)

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ii) What stage of cell division is represented by the diagram above? (1mk) ............................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................

iii) Give two reasons for your answer in (a) (ii) above. (2mks)

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b) State three ways in which leaves of plants are adapted to absorb light. (3mks) .................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................

The diagram below show the transverse, section of two blood vessels of a human being. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the two blood vessels (2mks) X.................................................................................................................................................. Y....................................................................................................................................................

b) Name the parts shown as F and G. (2mks) ........................................................................................................................................................ . ........................................................................................................................................................

c) Account for the difference in the thickness of the parts F. (2mks) ........................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................

d) State two advantages of cross- pollination. (2mks)

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The diagram below represents a type of skeleton in living organisms. Study it and answer the questions that follow:

a) Name the type of skeleton above. (1mk) .....................................................................................................................................................

b) What are the components of the above skeleton? (1mk)

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c) Name the muscles represented by M and N on the skeleton above (2mks) ........................................................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................

d) How would staphylococcus species of bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics? (4mks) ................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................

In an experiment on respiration, the rate of carbon (IV) oxide production in a pea seedlings was recorded under different temperature conditions as shown in the table below

b) i) What is the optimum temperature for respiration in this experiment? (1mk) .....................................................................................................................................................

ii) Give a reason for your answer in

(b) i) above (1mk)

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c) (i)Explain the shape of the graph when temperature was maintained at 400c between. 0hr and 3rd hr. (1mk) ....................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................

ii) 3rd hr and 7th hr (2mks)

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d) Name two other products other than carbon (IV) oxide in the germinating seedling (2mks) ................................................................................................................................................ .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................

e) What happens to the carbon (IV) oxide in the germinating seedling (2mks) ........................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ .......................................................................................................................................................

f) Other than temperature give three other conditions that influence the physiological process under investigation. (3mks) ....................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................ .......................................................................................................................................................

Discuss the adaptations of a mammalian skin to its functions. (20mks)

a) Name the two blood vessels (2mks) X.................................................................................................................................................. Y....................................................................................................................................................

b) Name the parts shown as F and G. (2mks) ........................................................................................................................................................ . ........................................................................................................................................................

c) Account for the difference in the thickness of the parts F. (2mks) ........................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................

d) State two advantages of cross- pollination. (2mks) ........................................................................................................................................................ .......................................................................................................................................................