Name two liver diseases.

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Name an instrument used to measure the following environmental factors.

a) Light penetration in water. (1mk)

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b) Strength and direction of wind at the same time. (1mk)

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State three characteristics that are used to divide phylum arthropoda into classes. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

The diagram below shows an apparatus used in biological study.

a) What is the name of the apparatus shown above? (1mk)

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b) State the function of the apparatus. (1mk)

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The diagram below represents a stage of growth in two different seeds.

i) Name the parts labeled K and L

K...........................................................................

L............................................................................

ii) Identify the type of germination exhibited by seedling A. (1mk) ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

What is the significance of the following:

a) Cartilage in the trachea (1mk)

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b) Mucus on inner surface of trachea (1mk)

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c) Moisture on the surface of alveoli (1mk)

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Study the diagram below.

a) Name process Y (1mk)

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b) What is substance X? (1mk)

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Differentiate between the following terms.

a) Dominant gene and Recessive gene (1mk)

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b) Continuous variation and Discontinuous variation. (1mk)

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The diagram above shows a set-up that was used to demonstrate fermentation. Glucose solution was boiled and oil added on top of it. The glucose solution was then allowed to cool before adding the yeast suspension.

a) Why was the glucose solution boiled before adding the yeast suspension? (1mk) ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

b) What was the importance of cooling the glucose solution before adding the yeast suspension? (1mk) ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

c) What observation would be made in the test –tube B after the experiment? (1mk) ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

d) Suggest a control for this experiment. (1mk)

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The diameter field of view of light microscope is 3.5mm. Plant cells lying within the diameter are 10. Determine the size of one cell in micron (1mm=1000μm)

Distinguish between haemagglutination and blood clotting.

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State the role of each of the following hormones in the human menstrual cycle. (3mks)

a) Oestrogen

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b) Progesterone

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c) Luteinizing hormone

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a) Name two tissues which are thickened with Lignin. (2mks)

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b) How is support attained in herbaceous plants? (1mk)

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State the functions of the following parts of a light microscope. (1mk)

a) Diaphragm

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b) Revolving nose piece

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a) Distinguish between a community and a population. (2mks)

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b) Name a method that could be used to estimate the population size of the following organisms.

i) Fish in a pond (1mk)

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ii) Black jack in a garden (1mk)

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a) Give a reason why glucose does not normally appear in urine even though it is filtered in mammalian Bowman’s capsule (2mks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

b) Which hormones are involved in the salt- water balance in the human body? (2mks) ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

What name is given to the breathing structures found in the roots of plants growing in water logged soil or those that grow in water? ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

Name three requirements of a plant to carry out photosynthesis.

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Identify the following mammalian tooth and state how it is adapted to its function

a) Identity (1mk)

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b) Adaptation (2mks)

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The diagram below shows two chromosomes with their chromatids intertwined. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the parts labeled M and N (2mks)

M........................................................................................................................ N...........................................................................................................................

b) At which stage of cell division are the above structures likely to be seen? (1mk) ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

a) Explain the following i) survival of the fittest (1mk)

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ii) natural selection (1mk)

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b) State two evidences of organic evolution (2mks)

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An experiment was set up as shown in the diagram below

The set-up was left for 30 minutes.

a) State the expected results (1mk)

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b) Explain your answer in (a) above (3mks)

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Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

a) Name the habitat of the plant (1mk)

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b) State two adaptations of the plant to its habitat (2mks)

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The diagram below represents a certain organism.

a) Identify the kingdom to which the organism belongs (1mk)

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b) Identify the part labeled P (1mk)

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c) What is the function of the contractile vacuole? (1mk)

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State two precautionary measures which should be taken in preventing out- break of Cholera. ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

a) What is genetic engineering? (1mk)

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b) Give an example of a genetic disorder caused by

i) Non- disjunction (1mk)

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ii) gene mutation (1mk)

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a) State two adaptations of a mitochondrion to its function (2mks) ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................

b) Give the chemical compound which is formed in mitochondria and forms the immediate source of energy. (1mk) .......................................................................................................................................

State two structural differences between arteries and veins

Lemon juice was added to a mixture of saliva and wheat flour. Explain the observations made in an iodine test after some time. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................