As air is pumped into a balloon, the balloon increases in size. What is the difference
between this increase in size and that, which is observed in organisms? ………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Explain why is it necessary to stain specimens for observation under a microscope.
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What kind of skeleton is found in the following animals:-
a) Earth worm (1 mark)
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b) Tse tse fly (1 mark)
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c) Weaver bird (1 mark)
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d) Sea anemone (1 mark)
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The diagram below represents the nitrogen cycle.

Name:-
a) The compound N (1 mark)
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b) The process P (1 mark)
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c) The organism involved in process S. (1 mark)
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Name the structure in mammalian ear that is responsible for the following functions.
a) Equalizing pressure between the outer and middle are. (1 mark)
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b) Body balance (1 mark)
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a) What is lymph? (1 mark)
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What is the major difference between lymph and tissue fluid. (2 marks)
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Differentiate between
i) Cisternae and cristae (2 marks)
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ii) Organelles and organs (2 marks)
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In what way is vestigial structures evidence of evolution?
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State one antagonistic effect of auxins and gibberellins in plant growth.
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Distinguish between haploid and diploid cells.
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Explain how osmosis is a type of diffusion.
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Differentiate between poikilotherms and homoiotherms
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Name a waterborne disease and state a control measure for it.
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a) The diagram below represents a structure observed from a green flowering plant.

i) Name structures labeled S, T, and U on the diagram. (3 marks)
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ii) State the function of the part labeled V. (1 mark)
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Name two conditions required for ultra filtration to take place.
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Explain the following observations
a) Increase in oxygen concentration in the roots of a plant will lead to increase in
mineral ions intake. (2 marks)
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b) Mineral ions uptake decreases once the root hair cells are treated with metabolic
poison. (2 marks)
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Describe two functions of a cuticle of a leaf.
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Blood pressure in the arteries is greater than in the veins of mammals because blood
pumped to the arteries by the heart at high pressure. Give another reason.
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State two functions of colon in man.
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a) Name the reagents one would need to test the presence of the following food
substances:-
i) Vitamin C (1 mark)
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ii) Non reducing sugar (1 mark)
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iii) Proteins (1 mark)
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b) Why are monosaccharides described as reducing sugars? (1 mark)
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c) Name a disaccharide that is a reducing sugar. (1 mark)
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Why is it important that active transport is employed in the absorption of
monosaccharide, dipeptides and amino acids?
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Turgor pressure is very important in plants. Give three ways plants make use of turgor
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Irritability is the ability of organisms to respond to stimuli.
i) What are stimuli? (1 mark)
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ii) Name two stimuli that plants respond to. (2 marks)
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a) When are two organisms considered to belong to the same species? (2 marks)
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b) With reasons, name the kingdom in which paramecium and plasmodium belongs.
(2 marks)
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Respiratory quotient (RQ) is the ratio of respiratory gases.
a) Write down the formula for calculating RQ. (1 mark)
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b) Write down a balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration on a glucose
molecule. (1 mark)
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c. From your chemical equation, calculate the RQ. (Show your working) (2 marks)
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Name any three types of gene mutation.
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A student failed to see the field of view through the eye piece of the microscope.
Suggest two possible reasons for this.
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a) State the processes that take place during anaphase of mitosis. (2 marks)
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b) What is the significance of having the testis outside the body of human male?
(2 marks)
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The following table shows regions of the gut, their pH and enzymes present.
Complete it.

Why do plants lack elaborate excretory systems? Give three reasons.
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Name two plant metabolic wastes.
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