The diagram below shows a family tree. Squares represent males and circles representfemales. Normal individuals are indicated by unshaded squares and circles. Individuals who show genetically controlled defects are indicated by shaded squares and circles.

a) What is the name given to this type of a family tree? (1 mark)
b) In which of the grandparents is the genetically controlled defects likely to have developed and by what process. (2 marks)
c) Assume the genetically controlled defect was haemophilia,show the genotype of the following:
i. Grandparents (2 marks)
ii. The two couples
iii. The children of the couple that shoed the defect. (1 mark)
iv. What are the symptoms of the defect. (1 mark)
v. What is the remedy? (1 mark)

The diagram below represents a flower.

a) Name the parts labelled X and Y (2 marks)
X
Y
b) Describe the ovary position. (1 mark)
c) i) Suggest an agent of pollination of the flower above. (1 mark)
ii. Give a reason for your answer above. (1 mark)
d) On the diagram above, which part do you expect to find haploid nucleus after meiosis? (1 mark)
e) In the flower above its sepals cell was found to have 20 chromosomes. What would be the number of chromosomes found in the endosperm cell of the flower embryo sac after fertilization? (1 mark)
f) State one way in which flowers prevent self-pollination. (1 mark)

The flow chart below represents a feeding relationship in an ecosystem.

a) Name two organisms which are both secondary and tertiary consumers. (2 marks)
b) State two short term effects of immigration of insects in the ecosystem. (2 marks)
c) Name the organism which has the least Biomass in the food web. Explain. (2 marks)
d) State the role of the following in an ecosystem:
i. Saprophytes (1 mark)
ii. Leguminous plants. (1 mark)
e) Name one method that would be used to estimate the fish population in the ecosystem. (1 mark)

The diagram below represents one of the joints in the mammalian skeleton.

a) Name the type of joint shown in the diagram. (1 mark)
b) Name the parts labelled Z and U (2 marks)
c) Name two parts of the body where this type of joint is found. (2 marks)
d) State the functions of the fluid found in W. (2 marks)
e) Name the type of muscles found in the gut. (1 mark)

Shown below is a section through the mammalian nephron.

a) Name the structures labelled: (2 marks)
A
N
b) Name all structures in a nephron which are normally present in the cortex region of kidney. (1 mark)
c) Which region in the nephron deals with conservation of body water. (1 mark)
d) Name one hormone that has an effect on part labelled X. (1 mark)
e) How is part labelled N adapted to its function. (2 marks)

Carbohydrates used during respiration and those formed during photosynthesis by a certain plant was measured over a period of 24 hours at an interval of 3 hours.

Using the same axes,
a) Plot a graph of carbohydrate formed during photosynthesis and carbohydrate used during respiration against time.
(8 marks)
b) Calculate the net carbohydrate formed by the plant. (2 marks)
c) At what time of the day do the light compensation points occur? (2 marks)
d) Account for the shape of graph on carbohydrates. (2 marks)
i. Between 12.00a.m and 3a.m (2 marks)
ii. Between 3.00a,m to 12.00 noon (2 marks)
e) How could foggy weather influence the net amount of carbohydrates formed over the 24 hour period? (1 mark)
f) Give other external factors apart from temperature and light intensity that influence the rate of photosynthesis. (2 marks)
g) In which form are carbohydrates stored in ( ½ mark)
i. Plant bodies
ii. Fungi ( ½ mark)

a) Describe secondary growth in flowering plants. (14 marks)
b) Describe one method that can be used to measure the average growth rate of a single leaf. (6 marks)

a) what is organic evolution? (2 marks)
b) Distinguish between homologous and analogous structure. (4 marks)
c) How does natural selection bring about adaptations of species to its environment. (14 marks)