i) Use of radio carbon /carbon 14 dating method

ii) Use of potassium-argon dating method

iii) Use of statistic dating method

iv) Use of stratigraphy or relative dating method

v) Use of fusion tract method

vi) Use of geological period method

i) It marked the promotion of warriors to junior elders

ii) It was a unifying ceremony as all the age groups are promoted together

iii) It is a turning point as one is allowed to marry.

i) They were escaping religious and political persecution

ii) They wanted to spread Islam religion

iii) They wanted to trade and control the East African coastal trade

iv) They wanted to explore/spirit of adventure

i) It had schools and those who went to learn were converted

ii) It had hospitals or health centres and those who went to seek treatment were converted

iii) It had orphanages which cared for the less fortunate who later converted to Christianity

iv) Mission centres offered vocational training and the trainees later became Christians

i) By restricting or limiting the number of Africans who should be in urban centres.

ii) By conducting head-count of those in urban centres

iii) By use of Kipande system

iv) By enacting stricter laws governing the stay in urban centres e.g. vagrancy law

i) Confined Maasai in one reserve i.e. Ngong Reserve

ii) Brought about congestion in Ngong reserve

iii) Made the Maasai lose their traditional migrating way of life

i) To minimize the cost of colonial administration on the British government

ii) The company officials were familiar with the area and people

iii) The British had inadequate manpower

iv) The public did not favour colonialism and were not willing to support it financially

i) Some women were freedom fighters and fought along side men in the struggle for independence

ii) Women represented Kenyans in International Fora e.g. Prisca Abwao

iii) They joined political parties which championed the rights of Kenyans

iv) Women recruited freedom fighters through oathing and composing ridiculing songs towards cowards

v) Women funded political parties and contributed ideas.

 Sir Evelyn Baring

i) It set the date on which elections were to be held.
ii) It drafted the Independence constitution

iii) It settled the differences between the political parties i.e. KANU and KADU

i) Through election

ii) Through nomination

iii) By virtue of office e.g. speaker and Attorney general.

i) Supreme court

i) Lack of political will among the people in power

ii) Individual interests and how they can benefit from it/selfishness among politician i

ii) Different interpretations and lack of understanding of the constitution

iv) The time factor as they compete time

v) The Kibaki succession and the intended general election

vi) Fear among politicians if it is fully implemented

vii) Inadequate finance to carry out the implementation

i) When it incites others

ii) When it defames or abuses others

iii) When it gives out government confidential information

iv) When it comments on matters still pending in court of law.

i) It enables the government to identify sources of revenue

ii) It enables the government to explain to the public the tax structure /set the tax levels

iii) It ensures a balance in the country’s revenue and expenditure hence avoiding budget deficit

iv) It enables the government to identify ways of spending without wastage

v) It enables the government to prioritize its development projects

vi) It enables the government to asses its performance in the priority year

vii) It enables the government to plan for emergencies by setting aside some funds

viii) It ensures equitable share of resources and balanced development
ix) It enables the government to win confidence among local and International development partners

i) Stable and pragmatic laws
ii) Independent and impartial judiciary
iii) Respect and protection of the constitution
iv) Respect and protection of the rights of accused persons
v) Informed and enlightened citizens
vi) Competent and professional judicial officials

a) Three factors which enabled the Luhyas to practice crop cultivation during the precolonial period
i) Favorable climatic condition in the area /reliable rainfall in the area.

ii) Presence of fertile soils

iii) Acquisition of iron technology /better farming tools

iv) High population which offered labour and required food. (3×1=3mks)

b) Describe the political organization of the Ameru during the pre-colonial period.
i) It had a decentralized system of government

ii) The clan made up of related families was the basic political unit. i

ii) The Ameru were governed by a council of elders

iv) The highest council was Njuri Ncheke which provided the moral codes or norms to the society

v) The Ameru practiced age set system which was made up of newly initiated people

vi) The age set provided the warrior class which was responsible for the defense of the community

vii) The meru had religious leaders like prophets who determined and influenced political matters in the society

a) Three reasons why city states sprang up along the Kenyan coast before 1500A.D.

i) They developed because of trade between the Arabs and the Africans.

ii) They developed due to Arab and Persians settlement at the coast.
iii) They also developed due to Islamic religion which had mosques that attracted people as religious centers.

iv) Developed due to intermarriage between Africans and Arabs

v) Developed as security centers due to their sheltered harbors (3×1=3mks)
b). Challenges missionaries encountered in their quest to spread Christianity
i) Being few in numbers, it was difficult to serve the vast area effectively

ii) They were attacked by tropical diseases which reduced their numbers

iii) They were attacked by hostile communities who stole their supplies

iv) They experienced shortages of basic necessities such as medicine, water and food

v) They experienced language barrier due to different ethnic languages

vi) They got competition from Muslims who wanted to spread their religion

vii) Inaccessibility into the interior due to poor roads

viii) They were attacked by slave traders who saw them as a threat to their trade

ix) Conflict among themselves as Protestants and Catholics were not united

x) Inadequate finances to support their activities (6×2=12mks)

a) Five reasons why Kenyan communities were defeated by the

British during the establishment of colonial rule.
i) The British had superior weapons compared to Asians

ii) The British had well trained army compared to Asian able-bodied ones

iii) Some African communities collaborated with the British and were used to fight others

iv) Disunity and disorganization among the Africans as each was fighting its own battle

v) Natural calamities such as smallpox, drought and famine weakened African warriors

vi) British got reinforcement from their other colonies unlike the tired and exhausted African warriors.

vii) The African warriors had little or no knowledge about British military tactics
(5×1=5mks)
b).Five consequences of the collaboration between the Wanga and the British
i) Nabongo Mumia of Wanga was made a paramount chief

ii) The Wanga were assisted to subdue their enemies especially Luo of Ugenya and Nandi

iii) The Wanga kingdom was expanded and Mumia ruled over a wide area

iv) The Wanga warriors were used to pacify the resisting communities /warriors got employment

v) Wanga benefited from the confisticated animals from resisting communities

vi) The Wanga people were appointed as administrators in the colonial government

vii) Mumias/Lureka was made British administration base in western Kenya
viii) Wanga lost their independence (5×2=10mks)

a).Five benefits of settler farming in Kenya
i) Introduction of new farming methods ii) Introduction of new exotic breeds of animals and plants

iii) Development of cooperative movement iv) Development of infrastructure thus improving accessibility

v) Creation of wage employment

vi) Development of industries which processed farm produce

vii) Urbanization – This was due to industries and plantation farming.

viii) Trained Africans on new agricultural methods in the institutions which were set up.

ix) Generation of income to the government (5×1=5mks)
b) Five roles played by trade unions in the Kenyan struggle for independence
i.The unions contributed money to political parties to enable the participate in

the struggle for independence

ii.Presented African grievances to the colonial government when political parties were the banned

iii.It educated the Africans on their rights as it championed their welfare

iv.Mobilized Africans against colonial injustices v.Brought workers together thus promoting the spirit of nationalism

vi.Represented African grievances in international Fora.

vii.Acted as a training ground for future African leaders e.g. Tom Mboya.

viii.Worked hand in hand with Kenyan nationals and political parties. 5 x 2 = 10mrks

a) Three reasons why National Integration is important in Kenya
i) It helps the people to develop the country ii) It enables the people to tackle problems together

iii) It promotes peace and harmony /peaceful co existence iv) It enhances political stability

v) It promotes collective responsibility

vi) It helps to eliminate suspicion and enhances security

vii) It promotes cooperation thus national unity (3×1=3mks)
b).Challenges the national police service faces

i) Lacks adequate transport and communication equipments

ii) Corruption or taking of bribes

iii) Political interference in their work

iv) Poor relationship with the public v) Influx of small arms and rise in crime

vi) Recruitment and promotion is based on ethnicity

vii) Rise of modern terrorism

viii) Poor enumeration and terms of service (6×2=12mks)

a).Three ways in which the existence of many political parties have promoted democracy in Kenya

i) It has enhanced freedom of speech and expression as people do not fear being expelled from the party

ii) It also enhances healthy competition in political parties because of different alternatives

iii) Promote membership mobility as members defect to parties with suitable ideologies

iv) It has made the government to be on alert

v) Safeguard human rights and freedoms which were abused in one party system. (3×1=3mks)

b).Explain six functions of the speaker of the National Assembly in Kenya

i) Presides over parliamentary proceedings

ii) Maintains disciplines of MPs in parliament

iii) Determines the business to be conducted in the house

iv) Adjourns sitting in the house

v) Maintain attendance register of the MPs

vi) Declares parliamentary seat vacant

vii) Receives letters of resignation from MPs

viii) Swears in MPs

ix) Give chances to MPs to contribute during parliamentary proceedings (6×2=12mks)

a).Three challenges likely to be faced by county government in Kenya

i) Overlapping of functions between central government and county government

ii) Inadequate qualified personnel iii) Inadequate finances as each county is to raise revenue

iv) Conflict over resources as some overlap to other counties

v) Inadequate legal framework outlining clearly how counties relate with cities and urban centres within them (3×1=3mks)

b).Six functions of the National land commission as spelt out in the 2010 constitution.

i) To manage public land on behalf of the national and county government
ii) To recommend a national land policy to national government

iii) To advice the national government on a comprehensive programme for land registration

iv) To initiate investigation based on complaints of present and past historical land injustices.

v) To conduct research on land use in the county

vi) To encourage the appreciation of traditional dispute resolution

vii) To monitor and have oversight responsibility over land use planning throughout the county (6×2=12mks)