Least hot part (1mrk)

a). By opening the air hole completely (1mrk)

b). See diagram. (1mrk)

c). Water vapour (steam

(b). It forms a colourless solution of potassium carbonate hence no visible change

a). -Rusting occurred in tube

(I). No rusting in (II). - In tube

(II) anhydrous calcium choloride absorbed moisture but not sidium chloride (2mrks)

(b).- To improve its appearance / make it beautiful

- To prevent its corrosion or rusting.

Glucose and Galatose

(a) There’s formation of yellow solid and white solid. Heat from burning magnesium dissociates sulphur (iv) oxide gas to form sulphur and oxygen gas. Oxygen supports combustion of magnesium to form magnesium oxide Heat from burning magnesium dissociates sulphur (iv) oxide gas to form sulphur and oxygen gas. Oxygen supports combustion of magnesium to form magnesium oxide

KOH react i.e OH- reacts with H+ to form water. Equilibrium shifts to the right nuclear to produce or replace H+ that was consumed

b) It is poisonous

a).It has stronger Van der waals forces than organ which is mono-atomic

b)

c).It has layers in its structures joined by weak van der waals forces which slide over each other.

a). Ethanoic acid (1mrk)
b). CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O (2mrks)
c). Used as a solvent
- Used as vinegar to give taste

-Add water to dissolve lead (II) nitrate to form solution
-Add water to sodium carbonate½ / potassium carbonate / (NH4)2CO3 to make solution. Mix with lead (III) nitrate½ to form precipitate of lead (II) carbonate. Filter½. Dry the precipitate½

-To lower melting point of sodium chloride (electrolyte)
-To reduce cost

a). Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid ½ with many hydrogen ion ½ while ethanoic acid is a weak acid ½ with few hydrogen ions ½

a). Z.Has the highest tendency to gain electrons due to its smallest radius.

b) Ionic

a)(i) To force out the molten Sulphur from deposit (1mrk)

(ii) Y- Molten sulphur
Z- Super heated water
b) –Used as insecticide and fungicide
- In vulcanization of rubber.

a). Temporary hardness (1mrk)
b).- Wastage of soapy detergent
- Deposit that cause blockage in water pipes; boiler scales/ “fur” in kettles
- Stains on clothes.