i) Has authority to organize the affairs of the state.

ii) Directs the affairs of the state.

iii) Controls the affairs of the state

i) They carry the bias of the producer.

ii) They may be inaccurate

e.g. the television crew may choose only what will appeal to the public.

iii) Electronic gadgets are expensive.

iv) Some films are unrealistic and therefore contain some exaggerated information.

v) Some are addictive and may make those who watch passive and lazy.

i) Archeologists have excavated their tools, stone bowls etc.

ii) Remnants of the Khoisan exist in Kenya e.g. the Sanye.

iii) Their artefacts/dwellings in form of caves exist in Kenya.

iv) Oral traditions among the early Bantu and Cushitic pastoralists mention their presence.

The Luo

i) The monsoon winds facilitated transportation of goods to and from Arabia.

i) It facilitated movement of traders who established themselves along the Kenyan Coast.

i) The Portuguese were harsh and cruel to the coastal people.

ii) Islam was dominant and deep rooted among the coastal people.

iii) There were rebellions from the local people.

iv) Christianity was not accommodative to the African Culture compared to Islam.

Slaves.

i) Organized along racial lines /discrimination.

i) To ensure they are not violated.

ii) To ensure they are respected at any stage.

i) The African Independent Pentecostal Church.

ii) The African Orthodox Church.

i) Written Constitution.

ii) Unwritten constitution.

i) African Workers Union.(AWU)

ii) Kenya local Government workers Union.

iii) Kenya Federation of Labour.(KFL)

iv) The East African Indian Workers Union.(EAIWU)

i) A de jure is one party state by law while a defacto is a one party state by fact.

The repeal of section 2(A) of the constitution hence re-introduction of

multi-party democracy in Kenya.

i) To defend the interests of minority communities.

Clerk of the National Assembly.

i. Rehabilitation of offenders.

ii. Punishing the offenders

iii. Temporary removal of those who pose threat from the society

iv. Retribution/administration of justice/revenge.

v. Deterence to the would be offenders.

(a) Why did the Bantu migrate from their coastal settlement at

Shungwaya in the sixteenth Century? (3marks)

i) Invasion of the settlement by the incoming Cushitic/Oromo.

ii) Internal conflicts/feuds.

iii) Population increase.

iv) Outbreak of diseases/epidemics/natural calamities.

v) Search for more land for settlement and pasture. (any 3x1=3marks)

(b) Describe the political organization of the Akamba during the pre-colonial period. (12 marks)

i) The basic political unit was the clan.

ii) Several related families were grouped into a wider territorial unit/grouping with a council of elders.

iii) They had a larger territorial grouping above the clan known

as Kivalo consisting of a fighting unit during war.

iv) The Akamba were a traditionally decentralized community with no

single central authority that united all the Akamba.

v) The Akamba Society was divided into various age-grades and age-sets.

vi) Junior elders defended their community.

vii) Medium elders/Nthele assisted in the administration of the Community.

viii) The full elders /Atumia ma Kivalo participated in delivering judgements.

ix) The senior most /full elders/Atumia ma Ithembo were involved in

religious activities as they were regarded to be ritually clean.

x) By the end of the 19th century some successful traders emerged as leaders /chiefs

e.g. chief Kivoi wa Mwendwa.(any 6x2=12 marks)

(a) State the characteristics of the Coastal Cty States by 1500 A.D. (5marks)

i) Kiswahili was used as the main medium of Communication.

ii) Islam was the main religion practiced.

iii) Islamic law Sharia was used in administration.

iv) Houses were constructed using Arabic architecture.

v) Trade was the main economic activity.

vi) They were ruled by Imams/Sultans/Sheikhs.

vii) They were independent political entities.

viii) They minted and used their own coins/money.

ix) Men wore Kanzus while women wore buibui. (any 5x1=5 marks)

(b) Explain FIVE factors which led to decline of coastal towns between 1500 and 1700. (10marks)

i) Rivalry for the control of the Indian Ocean trade weakened the Coastal towns.

ii) Wars of conquest by the Portuguese against the coastal settlements

destroyed and weakened many of them.

iii) Establishment of Portuguese rule at the Coast led to disruption of the Indian Ocean trade.

iv) Invasion of the settlements by the Zimba, a warrior community

from the Zambezi valley who cause widespread destruction.

v) Unfavourable climatic conditions and shortage of water in some towns e.g. Gedi

vi) Wars between the Portuguese and the Oman Arabs over the control

of the Coastal settlements affected economic activities.

vii) Some African middlemen diverted trade goods to northern routes

by –passing the towns under Portuguese control..

(a) State FIVE problems that faced early political organizations in Kenya up to 1939.(5marks)

i) Harassment by the colonial government by arresting and dispersing demonstrators.

ii) Deportation of their leaders e.g. Thuku and Muindi Mbingu demoralized the members.

iii) Political wrangles between members/leaders.

iv) In adequate funds to run their affairs.

v) Disunity due to the fact that they were ethnic based.

vi) The banning of the political organizations by the colonial government.(any 5x1=5 marks)

(b) Explain FIVE achievements of early political parties in Kenya during the colonial period. (10 marks)

i) They provided political education/awareness to the African Communities.

ii) They communicated their communities’ feelings to the colonial government.

iii) The Pioneer Political groups defended African cultures against

further erosion by European missionaries.

iv) They re-awakened the masses by making them conscious of the

political situation in the country.

v) Played the role of trade unionism by fighting for the welfare of workers.

vi) They published African grievances to the international Community.

vii) They helped promote nationalism.

a) Give FIVE reasons why Africans started independent

Churches and schools in Kenya during the colonial period. (5marks)

i) To provide more educational opportunities for Africans.

ii) To have a say/control of what was taught in their schools (offer quality education to Africans)

iii) Keep away European missionary influence in their schools.

iv) To preserve their cultural heritage and values.

v) Create job opportunities for educated Africans.

vi) Sensitize Africans on the evils of colonialism.

vii) Provide African leadership in African independent churches and schools. Any 5x1=5 marks.

(b) Explain FIVE problems experienced by trade union movements in

Kenya during the Colonial period. (10 marks)

i) Fear of victimization in the Pioneer years and harassment by the colonial government.

ii) The immigrant nature of African workers. iii) Poor leadership due to lack of training.

iv) Inadequate funds as most funds were contributed by workers who had meager salaries.

v) Ignorance of the people on the role of trade unions.

vi) Choosing of incompetent leaders based on ethnicity.

vii) Constant wrangles among the leaders of the trade unions.(any 5x2=10 marks

(a) State FIVE specific rights of children in the constitution.(5 marks)

i) The right to name and nationality from birth.

ii) The right to free and compulsory basic education.

iii) The rights to basic nutrition, shelter and health care.

iv) The right to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural practices and

all forms of violence, inhuman treatment and punishment and hazardous or exploitative labour.

v) The right to parental care and protection which includes equal protection which includes

equal responsibility of the mother and father to provide for the child,

whether they are married to each other or not.
vi) The right not to be detained, except as a measure of last resort and when detained

to be held for the shortest time possible.(any 5x1=5 marks)

(b) Discuss FIVE values of a good citizen as per the construction of Kenya. (10 marks)

i) Respect for other people and their property.

ii) Obedience to the laws of the country.

iii) Participation in the development projects.

iv) Participation in the democratic process e.g. elections.

v) Being loyal /patriotic to the country.

vi) Practicing integrity in the society by desisting from corrupt practices.

vii) Efficient use of national resources.

viii) Maintaining and protecting human dignity.

ix) Taking part in activities that foster national unity.

x) Support for good governance e.g. paying taxes to the government.

xi) Ensuring that there is no discrimination on any member or a section of the society.

xii) Ensuring transparency and accountability.

xiii) Respecting inclusiveness in the society. (any 5x2=10 marks)

(a) State THREE ways in which the rule of law is applied in Kenya.(3 marks)

i) Ensuring that all citizens are subjected to and governed by the same law.

ii) By ensuring that matters are handled according to the laws of the land.

iii) By ensuring that everyone has a right to legal representation.

iv) By ensuring that all suspected criminals are assumed innocent until proven guilty. (Any 3x1=3 marks)

(b) Describe SIX challenges facing the Judiciary in Kenya. (12 marks)

i) Too much interference from the executive has undermined the independence of the Judiciary.

ii) Corruption which has made the public doubt its ability to protect and guarantee the Rights and freedoms of citizens.

iii) Some judges are incompetent as evident in poor and inconsistent judgements.

iv) There are very few judicial officers to deal with so many court cases.

v) Inadequate finances to cater for its needs.

vi) Lack of continuous legal education and training/continuing professional development.

vii) Lack of education on judicial affairs and ignorance on legal rights among the public in Kenya.

viii) Information on the judiciary has not been made available to the public.

(a) Identify THREE functions of the correctional facilities in Kenya.(3 marks)

i) Confining prisoners convicted by the courts.

ii) Keep watch over the behaviour of suspected criminals.

iii) Execute/implement the decisions of courts regarding treatment of prisoners.

iv) Rehabilitate prisoners through counseling.

v) Offer prisoner’s vocational training in various fields to make them productive citizens.

vi) Take care of the welfare of prisoners by providing them with medical attention.

vii) Help in confirming suspected dissidents who are a threat to security. (Any 3x1=3 marks)

(b) Explain SIX challenges facing the correctional facilities in Kenya. (12 marks)

i) Overcrowding leading to poor living conditions e.g. sanitation.

ii) Disease outbreaks due to congestion and inadequate facilities.

iii) Mistreatment by prison warders e.g. the 2001 King’ong’o torture.

iv) Food shortages, inadequate medical facilities and poor clothing.

v) Underpayment of warders and poor living conditions.

vi) Poor equipment/transport facilities e.g. vehicles.

vii) Corruption where some prison warders are bribed to favour some

inmates or assist them to escape.

viii) Some inmate have become hardened hence difficult to rehabilitate.