- Folk tales.

-Proverbs.

-Stories.

-Legends.

-Riddles. (2x1) = 2mks

-They were attacked by the Oromo (1x1 = 1mk)

The Wanga.

-To be used as a watch tower.

-To be used as a store for armaments.

-To be used as a prison for captives.

- Female circumcision.

-Witchcraft.

-Polygamy.

-Belief in ancestral spirits. (2x1 = 2mks)

- They were protected against raids by their neighbours.

-Lenana was made paramount chief.

-They were rewarded with cattle acquired from uncooperative communities e.g the Agikuyu and the Nandi.

(2x1 = 2mks)

-Christian missionaries.

-Colonial government.

-African themselves.

-Asians. (2 x 1 =2mks)

-KANU was dominated by larger ethnic communities such as the Agikuyu and the Luo.

-KADU was in favour of Majimbo or federal constitution while KANU was for a Unitary constitution. (2 x 1 = 2mks)

-Building of schools / libraries /laboratories. -

-Bought school buses.

-Enabled student to pursue higher education. ( 2 x 2 = 2mks)

- In order to limit the number of candidates.

-So as to identify party candidate.

-To adhere to constitutional requirement.
(2 x 1 = 2mks)

-A person who has been married to a Kenyan citizen for at least 7 years can apply to be registered.

-A person who has lawfully resided in Kenya for a continuous period of at least 7 years may apply to be registered.

-A child who is not a citizen but is adopted by a citizen is entitled to be registered as a citizen upon application.

- Kriegler.

-Kenya human right commission. (2 x 1= 2mks)

- Direct.

-Indirect. (2 x 1= 2mks

-A form of government in which there is transfer or allocation of authority and power from the central government to a local government. (1x1= 1mk)

a) State FIVE effects of the migration of the Borana. (5mks)

-During migration some groups fought , killing many people

-Displacement of other communities e.g. the Mijikenda.

-Formation of alliances i.e. the Rendile and Samburu formed an alliance against the Turkana.

-Increase in population.

-Introduction of cultural practices i.e taboo against fish eating

-Led to intermarriages.

-Redistribution of population in Kenya.

-Intensified trade. (5 x 1 = 5mks)

b).Describe the political organization of the Maasai in the pre – colonial period. ( 10mks)

-Had a decentralized system of government.

-Clan was the basic political unit.

-Clans were administered by council of elders.

-The council administered justice and acted as the final court of appeal.

-Had warriors who defended the community.

-Had age set system.

-Laibon was consulted by warriors before war.

a)State the role played by Mekatilili in the Agiriama resistance against the British. (3mks)

-Encouraged fighters.

-Presented the grievances to the British.

-Rallied people together.

-Her leadership highlighted the role of women in the struggle for independence. (3 x 1 = 3mks)

b).Explain SIX factors that enabled the Nandi to offer a protracted war of resistance against the British.

-The terrain favored guerilla warfare i.e. forests , caves and hills.

-The regimental age set supplied young men who were disciplined and well organized.

-Had knowledge of weapon manufacturer.
-The regular supply of food and war equipment sustained fighters

-The wet and cold climate caused respiratory disease.

-Their mixed economy substantially aided them.

-Assistance from the Kipsigis.

-The Orkoiyot was their symbol of unity and strength.

a)What were the terms of the Devonshire white paper of 1923. (5mks)

-Kenyan Highland were to be exclusively for white settlers.

-Indians would elect five members to the legislative council on a communal roll.

-Settlers demand for a self government was rejected.

-Racial segregation in all the residential areas was abolished .

-The interest of the Africans were to be given priority before those of the immigrants races.

-The colonial secretary would exercise strict control over the affairs of the colony.

-A missionary was to be nominated to the Legco to represent the interest of the Africans.

-Settlers had to maintain their representation in the legislative council (5 x1 = 5mks)

b.)Explain 5 positive effects of urbanization during colonial rule. (10mks)

-Led to interaction between people of diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds.

-Watered down the differences and prejudices between communities and instilled in them a sense of Nation hood.

-Welfare association were formed to cater for the need of African workers. This united Africans.

-Popular sporting and cultural activities cemented unity.

-Many Africans were gainfully employed in industries.

-Industries expanded due to the large labour forces. 5x2=10marks

a)Identify THREE Arab dynasties that ruled East African coastal city states in the 16th century (3mks)

-Mazrui.

-Busaidi.

-Nabahan.

-Shirazi. (3 x 1 = 3mks)

b).Explain the features of early political organization in Kenya up to 1939. (12mks)

-They were led by mission educated young men.

-Confined to one or two ethnic groups.

-Got both material and moral support to most of these organizations.

-Had similar grievances.

-Most of the association claimed for better living condition and an end to European exploitation and oppression. ( 6 x 2= 12mks)

a)Identify THREE occasions when National Anthem is sung.

-During holiday celebration.

-During opening ceremonies of sports , meetings where Kenya is represented.

-When the president of Kenya visits another country.

-During flag raising ceremonies. ( 3 x1= 3mks)

b).Explain six factors that limit national unity in Kenya. (12mks)

-Tribalism.

-Religious conflict.

-Different political ideologies.

-Unequal distribution of resources.

-Greed.

-Nepotism.

-Racism.

-Corruption.

-Ignorance.

-Poverty. ( 6 x 2= 12mks)

a)State FIVE objectives of sentencing a person who has broken the law. (5mks)

-To deter the criminal future crime.

-To deter other from committing similar offences.

-To secure for the public a period of protection from the offender.

-To reform the criminal.

-To satisfy the demand of the people for retribution through punitive justice. (5x 1 = 5mks)

b) Explain function of the Kenya defence force. (10mks)

-Defense and protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity.

-Assist and cooperate with other authorities in situation of emergency or disaster and report to the National. Assembly whenever deployed in such circumstances.

-May be deployed to restore peace in any part of the country that is affected by unrest or instability, only with the approval of the National Assembly. -Assist in presentation of internal security.

-Participated in National building activities such as road and bridge construction.

-Assist the public during national emergency – floods, famine etc.

-The navy specializes in detecting and fighting off criminals who uses water masses like the Indian ocean to commit crimes.

-Take part in peace keeping missions.

a)State THREE qualification for one to be registered as a voter under the new constitution. (3mks)

-Be a Kenyan citizen with an original identity card or passport.

-Be an adult i.e. must have attained 18 years.

-Not have been declared to be of unsound mind.

-Not have been convicted of an election offence during preceding five years.

b.)Explain SIX functions of Independent Electoral and Boundary Commission of Kenya. (12mks)

-Conducting and supervising referendum and elections

-Conduct any other election as prescribed by the act of parliament.

-Ensure continuous registration of voters.

-Revises voters roll.

-Delimitation of constituencies and wards

-Regulate the processes by which parties nominates candidates.

-Settle electoral disputes.

-Registration of candidates.

-Voters education.

-Facilitates observation, monitoring and evaluation of elections.

-Ensure the development of code of conduct for candidates and parties.

-Monitors compliance with the legislation relating to nomination of candidates.

-Regulate the amount of money that may be spent on behalf of a candidate or party.