Group of animals having the same characteristics and a common origin. (1mk)

New Zealand is while ,while California is white with any of the following parts black ear nose, tail or paw. (½ mk)

(a)Digestibility-portion of food retained by the body after the rest has been lost through urine, gases and faeces. (½ mk)

(b)DM-Actual percentage of proteins, carbohydrates and minerals in a feed. (½ mk)

Pipe cutter. (½ mk)

Hack saw. (½mk)

Strategic treatment. (½mk)

Tactical treatment. (½mk).

24^th -28^th August. (½mk)

ECF-Theirelia parva. (½mk).

F.Typhoid-Salmonella gallinarum. (½mk)

A.S.F-Irido virus. (½mk)

Anthrax-Bacillus anthracis. (½mk)

Water pumps.

Lawn mowers.

Hand chain saws.

Electric generator. (½x4=2mks)

Open furrow at a uniform depth.

Place seeds in furrows.

Cover seeds & compact soil with covering devices.

Poor nutrition.

Infertility.

Poor timing of service. (½x2=1mk

Presence of milkman.

Washing udder.

Feeding.

Familiar sounds.

Regular milking interval time. (½x4=2mks)

(a) Where traits have low heritability.

Where traits are only experienced in one sex. (1x1=1mk)

(b) Where traits have high heritability

Where traits are expressed in both sexes. (1x1=1mk)

Wrong use.

Wear and tear.

Age.

Lack of maintenance.

Absolescenes. (½x4=2 mks)

Blocky/Rectangular/Square body.

Short strong legs.

Well fleshed body/Deep well fleshed. (½x3=1½mks)

Petroleum.

Coal.

Natural gas. (½x3=1½mks

Grow well and fast enough to reach maturity.

Longer economic and productive life.
Maximum production/High performance.

Produce quality products thus high market price.

Will not spread diseases to other animals.

Economic to keep as less money used in treatment. (½x5=2½mks)

• Burn infested pasture.
• Alter ticks environment/plough or top dress with lime.
• Double fence.
• Starving them by rotational grazing.
• Hand pick and kill. (½x5=2½mks)

High initial capital/very expensive.

Require high technical knowledge.

Incase of disease outbreak spreads fast.

Birds develop bruises on comb, breast, and toes.

Not enough room for exercise.

Not good for brooding or rearing chicks. (½x4=2mks)

Moving parts lubricated.

Check tyre pressure & adjust to correct pressure.

Replace worn out tyre.

Tighten loose bolts and nuts.

Keep under shed if not in use. (½x4=2mks)

Identify fertile/infertile ewes & ram. (1x1=1mk)

(a)

A-Muzzle.

B-Poll.

C-Wuthers/shoulder.

D-Heart Girth. (½x4=4mks)

(b)

Ear lobes.

Anus.

Vulva.

Under tail. (½x4=2mks)

(c)

Below hock.

Sides of jaw. (1x2=1mk)

(i)

M-Sickle.

N-Pruning saw.

P-Steel float/float.

Q-Masons trowel. (½x4=2mks)

(ii)

M-Cutting/harvesting grass, wheat, sorghum.

N-Prunning perennial crops.

P-Plastering/spreading mortar/screeding.

Q-Placing mortar between construction bricks.

(iii) Sharpen blunt teeth. Replace broken handle. (1x2=2mks)

(i) Ear Notching.

(ii) 39

(a)

G-Mould board.

H-Land side.

J-Share

K-Land wheel (½x4=2 mks)

(b)

Ploughing.

Ridging.

Weeding.

Harvesting. (½x4=2mks)

(a) Management of a cow.

-Select on basis of high yielding cows.

-Select animals with good health.

-Select animals with high fertility.

-Good dairy conformation.

-Cull poor producers.

-Use superior bulls.

-Mate heifer when fully mature.

-Breed 60-90 days after calving.

-Keep animal health by controlling diseases.

-Control internal parasites by derenching with appropriate drugs.

-Treat sick animals.

-Avoid injuries.

-Improve sanitation/cleanliness in farm.

-Feed balanced diet.

-Give adequate feeds.

-Clean water.

-Provide minerals.

-Proper housing.

-Milk regularly at regular intervals.

-Observe proper milking techniques.

(b)Maximum production of fish.

-Control stocking rate.

-Control water pollution.

-Supply adequate feed regularly.

-Aerate water by ensuring constant inflow and out flow.

-Control predators.
-Harvest at correct maturity age.

-Maintain appropriate water level.

(a) Induction Piston moves down the cylinder.

Inlet valve is open.

Exhaust valve is closed.

Compression. Inlet valve is closed.

Piston moves up the cylinder.

Exhaust valve is closed.

Power. Inlet and outlet valves closed.

Spark produced by the spark plug.

Mixture burns and expands causing piston to move down.

Exhaust.

Outlet valve is open.

Piston moves up.

Unburnt gases move out.

Inlet valve is closed.

(b) Vermin proof –Rat guard deflectors should be installed.

Well ventilated to ensure air circulation.

Should be water proof, to keep of rain.

Easy to clean, floor without cracks to hold dirt.

Easy to load and offload-accessible constructed above ground about 50cm to prevent dampness.

(1x4 for stating) (1x4 for explaining =8 mks)

(a)Discuss digestion in the rumen of ruminant animals.

• Acts as temporary store of food before regulation.
• Digestion is microbial
• Fermentation takes place here.
• Cellulose breakdown carbohydrates
• Cellulose convert cellulose to volatile fatty acids like acetic.
• Vitamin B complex & K synthesised by micro-organisms.
• Synthesis of amino acids from ammonia gas.
• Volatile fatty acids absorbed through the walls of rumen.
• Gases like CO2& and methane are released through bleaching.
• Partly digested material is regurgitated back to the mouth.
• Breakdown of proteins to peptides amino acids and ammonia. (1x10=10mks)

(b) State five effects of parasites on livestock.

Suckle blood causing anaemia.

Deprive the host animal of food.

Injury and damage tissues and organs.

Diseases transmission, some are vectors.

Causes irritation through biting.

Obstruction to internal organs. (1x5=5mks)

(c)Discuss Pneumonia diseases under symptoms.
-Animal dull and reluctant to move.

-Loss of appetite.

-Animal develops a rough air coat.

-Animal is emaciated.

-Animal breathes rapidly.

-Abnormal lung sounds.

-If chest is pressed animal coughs.

-Fluctuating body temperatures.

-Nasal mucous discharge.