Liver cirrhosis;

Hepatitis;

Jaundice;

Gall stones;

(a). Seechi disc;

(b). Wind sock;

Number of body parts;

Number of appendages;

Presence and number of antennae;

Presence and number of wings;

(a). Pooter;

(b). For sucking crawling insects and small animals form barks of trees and rock surfaces;

(i). K –Hypocotyl;

L- Coleoplile;

(ii). Epigeal germination

(a). Keeps the air passage/trachea open;

(b). Traps dust and other solid particles;

(c). Dissolves gases before diffusion takes place;

(a). Y- Condensation;

(b). X-Dipeptide (molecule);

(a). Dominant gene expresses itself in both homozygous and heterozygous state while recessive gene expresses itself only in homozygous state;

(b). Continuous variation –there are intermediates between two extremes e.g. height Weight while discontinuous variation has distinct and clear cut groups of individuals with no intermediate forms e.g ABO blood groups;

(a). To drive off air /oxygen;

(b) Very high temperatures would denature the enzymes in the yeast;

(c). Lime water forms a white precipitate;

(d). Use boiled yeast. Use glucose without yeast/yeast without glucose.

Haemagglutination- caused when an antigen comes into contact with the corresponding antibody causing chimping of red blood cells;

Blood clotting – cause by exposure of blood due to injury of blood vessel. This causes series of reactions leading to formation of a fibrin network (clot) to prevent excessive bleeding;

(a). -Prepare uterine wall for implantation.

-Initiates development of secondary sexual characteristics.

-Causes healing of uterine wall.

(b). Causes thickening of uterine wall after ovulation.

(c). -Causes ovulation

-Causes development of Graafian follicle into corpus luteum

-Causes secretion of progesterone by the ovary.

(a). -Xylem vessels.

-Sclerenchyma tissue.

(b). Through accumulation of water in cells by osmosis causing turgidity.

-Regulates the amount of light passing through the condenser (to illuminate the specimen); (1 mark)

-Holds the objective lenses in place;

-Enables change form one objective lens to another; (1 mark)

(a). -A community consist of members of different species of plants and animals in a habitat at a given time’

-A population is all members of a single/same species in a habitat at a given time;

(b)i). Capture – recapture method;

ii). Belt transect/line transect/quadrat

(a). It is actively re-absorbed back to bloodstream; within the proximal convohited tubule;

(b). -Antidiuretic hormone; Rej; ADH

-Aldosterone;

Pneumatophores;

Carbon (iv) oxide

Water

Light energy

Chlorophyl

(a). Canine; (1 mark)

(b). Long/sharp/pointed for piercing prey;

-tearing flesh;

(a) M -Centromere

N -Chiasmata

(b). Late prophase;

(a).i) Organisms better adapted to exploit environment better than the rest survive to maturity and reproduce; (1 mark)

ii) Situation where an organism with beneficial variation in a population survives in a competition for resources while those without beneficial variation die or migrate. (1 mark)

(b). Cell biology/fossil records/ comparative anatomy/geographical distribution/comparative embryology;

(a). The visking tubing was filled with solution/became bigger. Level of water in the beaker decreased;

(b). Sucrose solution in visking tubing created a high osmotic gradient; which caused water molecules to move from distilled water to visking tubing; by osmosis; OWTTE

(a). Desert/ arid/semi-arid; rej. Xerophytes

(b). -Leaves modified into thorns to reduce transpiration;

-Thick succulent stem to conserve water/storage of water;

-Thick waxy article to prevent excessive transpiration; any 2

(a) Protoctista;

(b). Pseudopodia; (Rej. Pseudopodium)

(c). Osmoregulation/get rid of excess water/remove excess water;

-Proper disposal of waste;

-Drinking clean boiled water;

-Treatment of sewage;

Vegetables and fruits should be cleaned with treated water;

(a). Genetic manipulation to produce defined characteristics /identity desirable gene/alter/

Select and transfer to another organism to produce desired characteristics;

(b)i). Down’s syndrome/mongolism/klinefelters’ syndrome/turner’s syndrome;

(a). Inner membrane highly folded/presence of cristae to increase surface area for respiration;

-Cristae have respiratory enzymes on their surface to facilitate respiration;

-Fluid filled matrix provides a medium for chemical reactions involved in respiration; max

(b). Adenosine Triphosphate; Rej. ATP

Blue black colour indicated presence of starch, since lemon juice made the PH acidic which was unfavourable for ptyalin/salivary amylase enzyme to act on starch;