Advantages of the upright posture to the early man.
− Could see coming danger and prepare for defences.
− Could easily sport animals for food.
− Could easily carry food and young ones.
− Was easy for him to make tools. (2 x 1 = 2mks)

Tools used by early man in the second phase of the Old Stone Age period.
− Acheulian. (1 x 1 = 1mk)

Disadvantages of silent trade
− Transaction took long and wasted time.
− It was difficult to establish actual value of goods.
− Sometimes traders lacked double coincidence of wants. (2 x 1 = 2mks)

Form of writing that developed in Egypt as a result of early agriculture.
− Hieroglyphics. (1 x 1 = 1mks)

Negative consequence of iron working in Africa.
− Led to warfare.
− Desertification. (1 x 1 = 1mk)

Two demerits of smoke signals used in traditional communication.
− Was affected by adverse weather e.g. strong winds, fog,
− Children could light fire during play.
− Could only reach those on the look out.
− No confidentiality. (2 x 1 = 2mks)

Advantages of space exploration
− Enhanced weather forecasting.
− Expanded mans knowledge of the universe.
− Advanced air defence systems for spying. (2 x 1 = 2mks)

Who invented the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg. (1 x 1 = 1mk)

Characteristics of industrial revolution in Europe.
− Use of machines to replace human labour.
− Invention of new methods of mass production.
− Rise of factory system to replace cottage industries.
− Production of high quality products.
− Organizing workers into shifts.
− Use of new sources of energy e.g oil, steam, coal. (2 x 1 = 2mks)

How did the Shona refer to their God?
Mwari (1 x 1 = 1mk)

Sources of British law
− Acts of parliament e.g Magna carta
− Legal publications by reputable authorities.
− The hansard i.e. official verbatim report of parliament.
− Case laws i.e decisions made by British law courts.
− Royal prerogatives.
− Conventions and practices. (2 x 1 = 2mks)

Types of monarchial governments
− Absolute
− Constitutional (2 x 1 = 2mks)

Peaceful methods used by the Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa.
− Diplomacy
− Signing of treaties
− Luring of leaders (2 x 1 = 2mks)

French method of administration that replaced the assimilation policy
− Association (1 x 1 = 1mk)

Cause of the Second World War
− German invasion of Poland (1 x 1 = 1mk)

Give the UN agency tasked with promoting workers welfare
International Labour Organization. (1 x 1 = 1mk)

Official head of the common wealth organization
The British Monarch. (1 x 1 = 1mk)

Three hunting methods used by early man
− Chasing animals towards muddy and steep areas.
− Digging pits and covering them with leaves.
− Waiting for animals near watering points.
− Setting bushes ablaze and waiting for animals to come out.
− Throwing stones at animals. (3 x 1 = 3mks)
(b) Culture of early man during the middle Stone Age period
− Man made sangoan/levallois tools.
− Had learnt to wear animal skins.
− Decorated his body with red ochre and wore beads.
− Lived in rock shelters and caves.
− Got food by hunting and gathering.
− Cooked his food because he had invented fire.
− Man did rock art.
− Communicated using clicks and grunts.
− Lived in small groups for security reasons. (6 x 2 = 12mks)

(a) Economic activities carried out in Buganda kingdom in the 19th century.
− Crop farming e.g bananas
− Livestock keeping.
− Fishing.
− Canoe building.
− Cloth making using barks of trees.
− Salt mining.
− Iron working.
− Pottery.
− Basketry.
− Trading. (5 x 1 = 5mks)
(b) Factors for the growth of Shona kingdom
− Farming which supported the population and strengthened the economy.
− Trade which brought a lot of wealth.
− Able leadership with powerful kings e.g Chikura and Nyatsimba Mutota.
− Strong army that guarded and expanded the empire.
− Availability of mineral resources such as gold and copper that were traded in.
− Had a strong religion i.e. Mwari/ Mlimo cult that emphasized unity.
− Availability of strong weapons acquired through trade for defence. (5 x 2 = 10mks)

(a) Chattered companies that were used to administer European possessions in Africa.
− Imperial British East African Company
− Royal Niger Company
− British South African Company
− British East African Company
− German East African Company (3 x 1 = 3mks)

(b) Positive effects of European colonization of Africa.
− Protection of the missionaries helped them to carry out the task of evangelizing Africans.
− The Berlin principle of effective occupation led to infrastructure development of the colonies.

− Helped in abolishing some evils in Africa such as witch craft and slavery.
− Led to the abolition of slave trade and the establishment of legitimate trade.
− Introduced Africa to a long lasting international trade.
− Led to the establishment of formal education in Africa.
− Urbanization as colonial administrative posts and forts grew into big towns.
− Oppressive racial rules created awareness among Africans and this led to the foundation of the Pan Africanist Movement. (6 x 2 = 12mks)

(a) Reasons for the failure of the Maji Maji uprising
− Germans had strong weapons like guns while the Africans were unarmed (inferior weapons).
− Disunity among Africans some communities supported Germans against fellow Africans.
− The capturing of African leaders demoralised the fighters.
− Failure of the traditional religion to protect them against the bullets.
− Germans use of scorched earth policy starved the Africans.
− Africans were disorganized. (5 x 1 = 5mks)

(b) Disadvantages of Samori Toures second empire at Dabakala
− Samori Toure was cut off from Bure and Wagara gold mines that were the main source of wealth.
− He was cut from free town where he obtained arms.
− Southern boundary was open to attack by the French in Ivory Coast.
− The British occupation of Asante hindered his Eastward migration.
− He was besieged/surrounded by the French as they occupied all territories neighbouring Dabakala.
(5 x 2 = 10mks)

(a) Aims of the League of Nations
− Maintain world peace and avert any future wars.
− Settle international disputes peacefully.
− Supervise mandated territories.
− Nurture international cooperation.
− Promote respect of the sovereignty of member states.
− Gradually work towards disarmament. (5 x 1 = 5mks)

(b) Challenges faced by UNO
− Ideological differences among UNO leaders and member countries.
− Countries tend to put their national interests first at the expense of UNO interests.
− Insufficient funds to support its programmes.
− UNO lacks machinery to enforce its decisions as it does not have its own standing army.
− The veto power held by the five permanent members is used as a weapon of influence.
− Deep rooted regional conflicts between some member countries e.g. Gulf crisis
− Divided loyalty as members of UNO belong to other organizations. (5 x 2 = 10mks)

(a) Causes of the First World War
− Imperialism
− Arms race
− First and second Moroccan crisis
− Desire of France to revenge over Franco Prussian war
− Nationalism in the Balkans.
− System of Alliance.
− Hitler’s ambitions.
− Sarajevo’s assassination. (5 x 1 = 5mks)

(b) Effects of cold war
− Led to space race.
− Caused insecurity in the world as each power tried to spread its ideology.
− In some countries it broke into real war e.g. Korea and Vietnam.
− Led to serious crisis e.g. Hungarian revolution.
− Led to the splitting of some countries e.g Korea and Vietnam.
− Led to coups and counter coups in African states leading to the rise of dictators.

− The iron curtain policy led to restriction of movement in some states e.g Germany.
− Led to arms races. (5 x 2 = 10mks)

(a) Why the Manchester Pan-African congress of 1945 was unique
− It was dominated by Africans.
− Was more radical in its demands.
− It narrowed itself to Africans problems e.g. colonization.
− It was attended by Trade Union representative. (3 x 1 = 3mks)

(b) Reasons why Pan-African movement was not properly established in Africa by 1945
− Africans were disunited by the colonialist use of divide and rule policy.
− Africans had other pressing grievances such as taxation, land alienation and forced labour other than African Unity and identity.
− The Independent African countries e.g Ethiopia and Liberia did nothing to unify Africans.
− There were very few African Elites to spearhead the movement.
− There were no appropriate venues to hold meetings because many countries were under colonial
restrictions.
− Some policies e.g The French Assimilation hindered African unity by demeaning the Africans and their culture.
(6 x 2 = 12mks)​