(a) Reasons why some industries are located near sources of water
− Some industries e.g. breweries use water as a raw material
− For cooling machines to avoid damage by heat.
− For cleaning purposes
− To dispose off their waste material through water
− For provision of H.E.P
− Water provides cheap means of transport
− Paper and pulp industries use water to debark the logs.
(b) Factors for growth of iron and steel industries in the Ruhr region of Germany
− Availability of coal, iron ore and limestone as a raw material.
− Cheap water transport provide by rivers Rhine/Ruhr/Lippe/Wupper/Emscher
− The rivers provided water required for cooling machines/industrial use.
− Abundant sources of power provided by coal/imported petroleum/H.E.P required in the industry.
− Availability of skilled labour from the local population.
− Presence of porous rocks.
− Presence of non-porous rocks underneath the deposit of flora and fauna.
− Deposition of other layers of rocks/non porous rock over the remains of flora and fauna.
− Compression of the remains of flora and fauna.

(a)
− Natural calamities, conflicts
− Low nutritional stds/famine
− Other epidemics/diseases
− Road carnage
(b)
− Sickness leads to absentism from work/reduced productivity.
− Money spent in treatment can be used for other economic activities.
− Deaths resulting from the disease leads to loss of economically productive people (3 x 1 = 3mks)

(a) Three physical conditions that favour maize cultivation in Kenya
− Temperatures ranging from 10-300c/warm hot conditions.
− Rainfall ranging from 800-2500mm
− Deep, well drained volcanic soils.
− Gently sloping/undulating land
− Sunny dry season for ripening.
(b) Problems facing maize farming in Kenya
− High costs of farm inputs/poor quality seeds.
− Unpredictable climatic conditions
− Delayed payment/fluctuation of prices
− Diseases e.g white leaf bright/stalk rot/maize streak/smut/rust.
− Pests e.g silkworms/maize stalk borer/aryworms/weevils/beetles/birds/rodents.
− Striga weed/couch grass. (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)

(a) (i) BAR GRAPHS ATTACHED

(ii) Advantages of using comparative bar graph
− Values in the same group can be compared
− They give clear visual impression.
− Individual contribution made by variables in each group is easily identified/easy to read.
− They easily show the trend of the given data. (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(iii) Country Y (1mk)
(b) (i) Physical conditions that favour sugarcane farming in Kenya.
− Well drained, deep, alluvial/clay/black cotton soils.
− Gently sloping/undulating landscape.
− High rainfall 1200mm-1500mm well distributed throughout the year.
− High temperatures 21-280c
− Long periods of sunlight. (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(ii) Sugarcane cultivation from land preparation to harvesting
− The land is cleared.
− It is ploughed using either tractors or ox drawn ploughs.
− Harrowing is done to loosen the large lumps of soil.
− Shallow furrows are dug at intervals of 1-2 and 1-8 meters.

− Cuttings/seed cane is planted in furrows
− After 18 months the cane is ready for harvesting.
− The cane is cut/harvested using pangas.
− The harvested cane is loaded into lorries for transporting to the factory. (Any 5 x 1 = 5mks)
NOTE: SEQUENCE MUST BE FOLLOWED TO SCORE.
(c) Problems facing sugarcane farming in Kenya
− Pests such as termites/white grub/diseases such as ratoon stunting and smut attack the plants and lower the yields leading to low income for the farmers.
− Accidental fires/fires set by arsonists destroy the cane resulting in heavy losses to the farmers.
− Flooding of the market with cheap imported sugar results in unfair competition thus causing delay in payment to the farmers.
− Delay in harvesting reduces the quality/ tonnage of the cane reducing the farmersearnings.
− Closure of some industries had deprived farmers of their source of income/annual disputes the farmers calendar of activities.
− Poor feeder roads in some areas leads to delayed delivery of cane to the factory lowering the quality and subsequently the profit to the farmers.
− Prolonged droughts in some areas destroy the crop leading to heavy losses.
− High cost of farm inputs reduce the farmers profit margins.
− Mismanagement of factories/co-operatives leads to delayed payments thus discouraging the farmers.
(Any 3 x 2 = 6mks)
(d) By-products of sugar
− Molasses
− Baggage
− Wax
− Filter cake/filter mud (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)

(a) (i) Types of minerals
− Metallic
− Non-metallic
− Energy minerals (Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
(ii) Occurrence of minerals
− Veins and lodes
− Beds and seams
− Alluvial deposits
− Weathering products (Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
(b) (i) Shaft mining method
− A vertical shaft is sunk/dug
− Horizontal tunners are dug
− Props are used to support the roof of the horizontal tunnel.
− Light railway line/conveyerbelt is laid along the floor of the horizontal tunnel.
− Mineral ores are blasted.
− Cages/ranes are used to transport the ores to the earth’s surface.
NB: SEQUENCE MUST BE FOLLOWED TO SCORE
(ii) Challenges faced by shaft miners
− Sometimes mines get flooded with subterranean water.
− There are occassional emissions of poisonous gases in the mines.
− The dust produced causes respiratory diseases.
− Sometimes tunnels collapse causing death of miners. (Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
(d) Problems facing the mining industry in Kenya
− Some minerals are found in remote/inaccessible areas which makes them difficult/exploitation.
− Pollution of the areas by noise/blasts/smoke/waterproofs are all health hazard.
− The country faces shortage/inadequate capital for exploitation.
− Shortage of skilled personnel hence country relies on expatriates who remit their salaries and dividends to their foreign countries.
− Land use conflict eg. Titanium mining in Kwale between Tiomin company and the local people delays/hinders mining. (Any 4x 1 = 4mks)

(a) Map of Kenya

(b) (i) Ways in which wildlife is conserved apart from national parks
− Encouraging individuals to set up game reserves/ranches.
− Banning of trade in wildlife products.
− Encouraging wildlife conservation education/ecotourism.
− Employing anti-poaching unit in the gameparks orphanage/sanctuaries/arboretum.
− Promoting peaceful coexistence between wildlife and human beings.
− Setting up game reserves.
− Research on diseases/pest affecting wildlife.
− Establishment of buffer zone (Nyayo tea zones)
(ii) Why domestic tourism is being encouraged
− To make use of tourist facilities during the low tourist season.
− In order for Kenyans to appreciate their own country/appreciate Kenya’s natural heritage.
− To facilitate interaction/cultural exchange among different communities/enhance national unity.
− To expose people to locally produced artifacts.
− To expose Kenyans to wider variety of recreation facilities.
− To create employment/income. (Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
(c) Measures Kenya should take in order to attract more tourists
− Improving infrastructure/roads/airports/ communications to all tourist sites in order to make them accessible.
− Improving security to ensure the safety of the tourist is guaranteed.
− Marketing the country more aggressively in order to make it more known/improve the image of the country abroad.
− Establishing a diversity of tourist attractions to avoid relying entirely on the traditional attractions/reduce competition with other tourist destinations.
− Establishing/modernizing tourist facilities in areas that have high potential such as Western Kenya where such facilities are inadequate.
− Improve/train personnel to serve tourists better/sensitize citizens on the need to be hospitable to tourists.
(Any 3 x 2 = 6mks)
(d) Factors which make Swizerland receive more tourists than Kenya
− Swizerland is located in Central Europe making it easily accessible to tourists of European origin while Kenya is far from Europe.
− Some of the tourist attractions in the two countries are similar hence tourists prefer those that are nearer home.
− The peaceful atmosphere/political neutrality in Swizerland encourage tourists as of insecurity which would scare away tourists.

− Swizerland mount more effective marketing promotion than Kenya.
− The well-developed transport network in Swizerland provides easy access to tourist sites while in Kenya many roads are poorly maintained.
− In Swizerland there is more encouragement which lowers the rates charged for tourist facilities while in Kenya this is not common.
− Well-developed financial institutions/efficient banking services.
− Headquater of many international organizations hence people who visit the country for international meetings also take time off to tour various parts of the country.
− Swizerland had highly trained personnel in hotels industry/hospitality/high class hotels.
− The Swiss are able to speak many languages.
− Double season in Swizerland has enabled tourists visit the country throughout the year.
(Any 4 x 2 = 8mks)

(a) (i) Transport is the movement of goods and people from one place to another while communication is the transmission of ideas or information from one person to another. (2mks)
(ii) Why road network is more widespread than railway network in East Africa
− Road network is cheaper to construct and maintain.
− Roads are flexible and provide door to door services.
− Roads can be used by a wide range of transport agents/they are more versatile.
− Rods are faster to use.
− There is greater demand for road transport than railway transport.
− Roads can be constructed on a varied terrain. (Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
(b) (i) Benefits of Nairobi -Thika super highway

− Has reduced severe traffic congestion/ delays/saves time.
− Reduced frequent road accidents.
− Increased employment opportunities for drivers/conductors/loaders as more vehicles ply the highway.
− Faster transport of goods/passengers.
− Development of urban centres along the highway/businesses.
− Increased volume of goods transported as raw materials to industries in Nairobi/Thika and finished goods to the market.
− Has enhanced mobility of labour to industries in Nairobi/Thika hence reduced labour shortages.
(c) Terrain
− The African region has rugged terrain with numerous steep slopes, escarpments, Rift valley and mountains. This has vendered the establishment of transport difficult/very expensive.
− Heavy rains along steep slopes can wash away the rails/ trains and locomotives cannot climb steep slopes.
(Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(c) Shortage of skilled labour
− There is shortage of skilled personnel leading to poorly constructed roads that wear our very fast and communication systems that cannot adopt to changing needs.

− The countries rely on expatriates to provide technical assistance in construction of lines of transport which is very
expensive. (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(d) Benefits of transport in the economic development of Africa
− Increased movement of goods and people which leads to greater trade and exchange of ideas.
− Creation of employment opportunities which raises the standards of living of the people.
− Promotion of tourism which generates foreign exchange which is used to develop other sectors of the economy.
− Promotes industrializations as raw materials can be transported to the processing areas and finished products to the
markets cheaply.
− Has enhanced mobility of labour reducing labour shortages.
− Generates revenue to the government through taxation/income to their owners.
− Promotion of international understanding as people from different countries are now in close contact and are
appreciating other peoples culture.
− Transport opens up remote areas for exploitation of natural resources such as minerals. (Any 4 x 1 = 4mks)

(a) (i) Availability of labour from the sorrounding population.
− Availability of agricultural raw materials.
− Well-developed transport links with other parts of the country.
− Availability of ready market.
− Availability of power
− Government policy
(ii)
− Leather tanning
− Tobacco treatment/processing
− Textiles
− Cotton (2 x 1 = 2mks)
(b) (i) Raw materials
− Its availability
− In exhaustibility
− Its bulkiness (2 x 1 = 2mks)
Transport
− Cost of transporting raw materials and finished products
− Presence and absence of communication network. (2 x 1 = 2mks)
Markets
− Industries delaying with perishable goods are close to the market.
− Industries who products are bulky are located near the market to reduce on transport cost.
(ii) Kisumu
− Fish processing
− Textile manufacturing (1x 1 = 1mk)
Nakuru
− Soft drink making
− Flour milling (1x 1 = 1mk)
(c) To diversify her economy
− To create more employment opportunities
− For self-sufficient/reduce importation/save foreign currency
− To maximize use of her resources/raw materials.
− To uplift standard of living of the citizens.
− To be able to increase the value of her exports/quality.
− To improve her balance of trade.
(d) Water pollution - treating the industrial waste to reduce the negative impact of industrial effluents.
− Recycling waste in order to reduce the industrial waste turnover. (4 x 2 = 8mks)
(e) (i) To find out the type of industries that are within Thika town
− To investigate the course of industrial expansion within the town. (2 x 1 = 2mks)
(ii) Tallying
− Taking photographs
− Note taking
− Filling in questionnaire (2 x 1 = 2mks)​