(a) Mature of the surface rocks.
− Obstacles on the path of wind
− Speed of wind (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(b)
− Mushroom block.
− Rock pedestals
− Deflation hollow/oasis
− Zeugen
− Yardangs
− Ventifocts and drainkanter
− Millet seeds

(a)
− Caldera/crater
− Lava plateau/lava plains/tuffs plateau
− Composite volcano/plug dome/lava domes
− Ash and under cones/parasitic cones
− Spine/volcanic plug
− Hot springs/seyseus/hot water pools
(b)
− Volcanic rocks of Kenya highlands have been weathered to produce fertile soils for agriculture.
− Landforms resulting from volcanic activity are tourist attractions/scenic beauty e.g. Mt. Kenya.
− Steam jets at Olkaria are used for geothermal production.
− Gases associated with volcanic are mined in Kenya for industrial use e.g. carbon dioxide at Kereita.
− Steep slopes formed through volcanic activity discourage settlement/farming/development of transport.
(Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)

(a) Abrasion/corrosion
− Solution/corrosion
− Attrition
− Hydraulic/quarrying
(b) River’s load
− Rivers volume
− Slope of land
− Nature of rock. (Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)

(i) X - windward side. (1mk)
Y - leeward side. (1mk)
(ii) - Low rainfall
- Dry winds
- Scanty vegetation (Any 3 x 1= 3mks)

(a)
− Temperature
− Rainfall
− Humidity
− Wind speed/force/strength/direction
− Cloud cover
− Sunshine (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(b)
− Use of defective instruments.
− Human error
− Interfere with the instrument
− Poor siting of a weather station
− Extreme weather conditions

− Natural calamities

(a) (i) Lat - 1005’S
Long - 38005’E (2 x 1 =2mks)
(ii) Contours
- Trigonometrical status (2 x 1 =2mks)
(iii) Shops
− School
− Dispensary
− Any weather road
− Settlement (3 x 1 = 3mks)
(b) (i) 4km 500 + 100
(ii)

(c) There are few settlement e.g Nzeluni.
− There are scattered settlements to the Eastern part of the map.
− There are nucleated settlements mainly around shopping centres e.g Kyome.
− Some areas such as Nzoia have no settlement
(d)
− River Ikoo and Vinda form the main drainage systems in the area.
− The area had numerous permanent rivers.
− The main drainage pattern is Dendritic eg. River Kioo and Munyuni features are manmade water features including resources eg. dam at 9078.
− Most parts of the area covered by the map are well drained. (Any 3 x 2 = 6mks)

(a) (i)
− The sun
− The planets
− Asteroids
− Metears/meteorites
− Comets
− Natural satelite (Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
(ii) Passing star theory/big bang Nebular cloud theory (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(b) (i) - 21st March - 23rd September
(ii) - The earth is titled on its axis
− The apparent movement of the sun within the tropics/revolution of the earth.
(iii) Summer
Winter
(c) (i)
− The earth experiences the force of gravity pulling towards the centre which creates a rounding effect on its shape.
− The North and South poles experience centripetal force which constantly full towards each other causing the
flattening atthe poles.
− The earth experiences the centrifugal force which causes it to bulge at the equator. (Any 3 x 2 = 6mks)
(ii)​

− Tropopause
− Mesopause (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(iii)
− Contain the most weather making constituents.
− It is the life supporting layer
− Temperature decrease with increase in height
− Pressure falls with increase in height
− It contains most water vapour, clouds, dust and other pollutants/very unstable. (Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
(iv)
− Cirrus
− Cirro -cumulus
− Cirro-stratus (Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)

(a) (i) B - Desert
D - Tundual/arctic/polar
(ii) C - Cold Benguela current.
A - Warm Agulhas/Mozambique
(b) This is mediterranean vegetation
− Some plants have small thick-skinned leathery/spiny leaves.
− Some plants have long roots.
− Some plants have thick barks.
− Some plants have large fleshy bulbous roots
− Some plants have shiny/waxy leaves
− Some trees are deciduous
− Some plants are evergreen
− The vegetation is adapted to the long hot and dry summers
− Some plants have fleshy leaves.
− Gases dry off during summer and germinate during winter.
− Scrubs/thickets/thorn bush/inacquis/machia/chappaval/males are common.
− Woody scrub is common in dry areas. (Any 6 x 1 = 6mks)
(c) Some plants have thick/fleshy/succulent leaves to enable them store water.
− Some have long roots to top the underground water.
− Some have no leaves/have thin/spiny waxy/needle like leaves to reduce transpiration.
− Some plants seed remain dormant awaiting the short rains.
− Some plants have thick/hard barks to reduce transpiration.
− Some plants wilt due to the absence of moisture but have quick recovery ability.
− Some plants have thorns to protect themselves from browsing animals.
− Some plants are quick sprouting to take advantage of the short-lived desert rains.
− Most plants are stunted/dwarf like due to the harsh conditions. (Any 2 x 4 = 8mks)
(d) (i) Formulate objectives
− Identify methods of data collection
− Seeking permission for relevant authorities.
− Identifying tools for study
− Dividing themselves into groups. (Accept any relevant points any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(ii)
− Administering questionnaire
− Reading from secondary sources
− Observation
− Collecting samples
− Taking photographs(Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
(iii)
− Some plants have redicinol value.
− Some plants are source of food
− Some plants are fodder for animals
− Roots of plants, bind, soil particles together hence prevent soil erosion. (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(Accept any other relevant point)​

(a) (i)
− Soil water
− Soil air
− Living organisms/humus
− Soil organic matter
− Soil/inorganic/mineral matter (Any 2 x 1 =2mks)
(iii)
− Through weathering
− Through decomposition of organic matter
− Through leaching. (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(b) (i) Climate
− Climatic conditions affect the rate of weathering taking place on a given rock through seasonal vanation in rainfall and temperature.
− Areas with heavy precipitation rainfall are heavily reached and weathered compared to drier areas, they therefore have deep soils.
− High temperatures promote rapid faster weathering and chemical changes in the soil (cold temperatures slow these processes).
− Rainfall and temperature determine the organic matter content of the soil.
− Running water and wind acts as agents of soil erosion, blowing fine sand and dust and depositing them far away forming rich fertile soils. (2 x 2 = 4mks)
(ii) Topography
− Soils on mountain slopes are heavily eroded hence have thin soils.
− Plateau soils/soils in areas of gentle slopes are deep and have well developed profiles.
− Plains and valley bottoms have deep soils due to deposition of weathered and eroded materials. (2 x 2 = 4mks)
(c) (i)
− Soil water logging
− Burning of land/shifting cultivation/slash and burn.
− Deforestation
− Monoculture
− Overgrazing
− Over cropping
− Wrong fertilizer application
(ii)
− Sand eroded from steep slopes is deposited on the riverbeds and can be harvested for building and can be harvested for building and construction.
− Soil erosion loses productive top soils thus lowers agricultural potential of land.
− During soil erosion, rich soils may create fertile lands for agricultural production.
− Eroded sediments from farmlands and dumping sites may contain pollutants/agrochemicals that they kill aquatic life if it reaches oceans/lakes/rivers. They also make water unfit for human consumption.
− Soil erosion may destroy structures e.g buildings, bridges, roads as it weakens their foundations.
− Also eroded alluvial deposits on river beds make the river channel shallower resulting into frequent flooding.
(d)

(5mks)
(e) (i)

− Gulley erosion
− Sheet erosion
− Splash
− Rill erosion
− Wind
(ii) Crop rotation
− mixed farming
− Cover cropping
− Afforestation
− Mulching
− Contour ploughing
− Strip cropping
− Bush fallowing
− Intercropping (Accept any other relevant point any 4 x 1 = 4mks)

(a) (i) L. Naivasha
L. Baringo
(ii) Town movements led to crustal downwarping.
− A shallow depression was formed.
− The areas around the depression underwent uplifting.
− The uplifting reversed the direction of rivers such as R. Kagera and Katonga.
− Water from the rivers and from rains eventually filled the depression.
− The resulting feature became a lake.
− The point must be scored to score.
(b)
− The lake lacks outlet to the sea thus, mineral salts accumulate in its water.
− Presence of salt-bearing rocks on the lake bed leads to mineral salts dissolving in the water in the lake.
− The high temperatures in the area lead to high evaporation from the lake resulting inhigh concentrating in high concentration of mineral salts in the water.
− Mineral salts are deposited into the lake by surface run-off increasing the concentration of salts in the water.
− Underground seepage of the water not in rich in mineral salts adds to the salt in the lake. (Any 3 x 2 =6mks)
(ii) Crustal warping
− Volcanicity activity
− Erosion
− Human activity
− Mass wasting
− Weathering by solution
− Falling meteorites
(iii)
− Lakes are scenic sites which promote tourism/recreation.
− They provide water for irrigation/domestic/industrial use.
− They are reservoirs for water used for generating HEP.
− They are used as fisheries.
− Some lakes have sand that is harvested for building and construction. (Any 4 x 1 = 4mks)