The diagram below shows a six's thermometer.

a) Name the parts marked P, Q and R. (3 marks)
b) The table below represents the rainfall and temperatures data of station X (4 marks)

i) What is the annual range of temperature? (1 mark)
ii) Calculate the total rainfall of the station. (1 mark)

a) What is rock metamorphism? (2 marks)
b) Give the examples of chemically formed sedimentary rocks. (3 marks)

a) Name the fold mountains found in the following countries
i) Morocco
ii) Peru
iii) Switzerland. (3 marks)
b) Apart from fold mountains, name two other features resulting from folding. (2 marks)

a) State three causes of soil creep. (3 marks)
b) State two ways in which downwash occurs. (2 marks)

a) State two causes of chemical soil degeneration. (2 marks)
b) State three factors influencing the formation of soil. (3 marks)

Study the map of Migwani 1 : 50,000 (Sheet 151 / 1) provided and answer the following

a) i) Give the latitudinal extent of the area covered by the map. (2 marks)
ii) What is the bearing of the borehole at grid reference 073698 from the settlement at grid reference 095 731 ? (2 marks)
iii) Measure the distance of the dry weather Road marked D 502 from the drift at grid square 9879 to the Northern end. Give your answer in kilometers. (2 marks)
iv) Calculate the area to the West of the All weather Road loose surface C94. Give your answer in square kilometres. (2 marks)
b) i) Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 100 metres, draw a cross-section from grid reference 040680 to grid reference 120 680 (4 marks)
ii) On it mark and label the following
- River Ikoo. (1 mark)
- Road (1 mark)
- Ridge (1 mark)
c) i) Identify two types o vegetation found in the area covered by the map. (2 marks)
ii) Citing evidence from the map, state two social functions of GWANI TOWN (2 marks)
d) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. (5 marks)

a) i) State three types of faults. (3 marks)
ii) Explain two processes that may cause faulting. (4 marks)
b) i) Apart from the Rift valley, name two other features resulting from faulting. (2 marks)

ii) With the aid of diagrams, explain how a Rift valley is formed by tensional forces. (8 marks)
c) Explain four positive effects of faulting. (8 marks)

a) i) Give three physical factors which contribute to the development of deserts. (3 marks)
ii) Describe two processes of wind transportation. (4 marks)
b) State three factors that facilitate wind deposition. (3 marks)
c) By use of diagrams, explain how a rock pedestal is formed. (5 marks)
d) Explain three effects of desert features on human environment. (6 marks)
e) Some students carried out a field study in Chalbi desert.
i) State two objectives of their study. (2 marks)
ii) State two problems they encountered during their study. (2 marks)
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a) Define the following terms
i) Water table. (1 mark)
ii) Acquifer (1 mark)
b) Explain how the following factors influence the occurrence of underground water.
i) Nature of the rock. (2 marks)
ii) Slope gradient. (2 marks)
c) State three conditions necessary for the formation of an artesian well. (3 marks)
d) The diagram below shows the features found in a karst region.

i) Name the features marked P, Q, R and S (4 marks)
ii) Describe how feature S is formed (4 marks)
iii) Give three reasons why there are few settlements in the Karst region. (3 marks)
e) Students carried out a field study in a karst landscape
i) State two methods they used to record data. (2 marks)
ii) State three importance of studying a karst landscape through field work. (3 marks)

a) State three factors that determine the size of a lake. (3 marks)
b) i) Explain three reasons why some Rift valley lakes have fresh water. (6 marks)
ii) Name two corrie lakes in Kenya. (2 marks)
c) Explain how the following lakes were formed.
i) Lake Tanganyika. (4 marks)
ii) Lake Paradise. (4 marks)
d) Explain three negative effects of lakes. (6 marks)