Define opportunity cost.

Outline four factors that influence soil formation.

State five roles of agriculture in the Kenyan economy.

State three precautions taken during soil sampling.

State four characteristics of potassic fertilizers.

List four factors that determine the time of planting crops.

Differentiate between under sowing and oversowing.

Explain the following terms:
i) Propping (1 mark)
ii) Staking (1 mark)

State four factors that are considered in determining seed rate.

State two harmful effects of weeds in livestock production.

Give four reasons why drainage is used as a land reclamation method.

State four factors affecting the quality of farm yard manure.

Name four methods of fertilizer application in crops.

Give four advantages of mulching as used in crop production.

State four reasons for carrying out earthing up in crop production.

Outline four post-harvest practices in crop production.

The diagram below illustrates a method used in propagating crops through layering.

a) Identify the method. (1 mark)
b) State two suitable characteristics of a mother plant that can be used in this method. (1 mark)
c) Outline two advantages of tissue culture as a method of crop propagation. (2 marks)

The illustrations below shows various types of weeds. Study them and answer the questions that follow.

a) Identify weed A and B . (1 mark)
b) Why is it difficult to control weed B? (1 mark)
c) State one disadvantage of weed labelled B. (1 mark)
d) Suggest two herbicides that can be used to control weed B. (1 mark)

a) A farmer was advised to apply 90kg of P₂O₅/ha in a field of tomatoes. The fertilizer available is DSP 40% P₂O₅. Calculate how much DSP the farmer will apply per hectare. (2 marks)
b) Outline the procedure used in soil sampling. (5 marks)

The line graph below shows the relationship between supply and demand of milk in a given town. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.

a) Explain what happens when the price of milk is Ksh 25 per litre. (1 mark)
b) From the above graph what conclusion can one make about the behaviour of demand for milk in relation to price
(2 marks)
c) From the graph what conclusion can one make about the behaviour of supply of milk in this town in relation to the price.
(2 marks)

a) Discuss any cultural measures used to control pests on the farm. (10 marks)
b) Describe the production of onions under the following subheadings:
i) Field management (5 marks)
ii) Harvesting (5 marks)

a) Explain six physical methods that can be used to control crop pests on the farm. (6 marks)
b) Describe six management practices that should be carried out on a vegetable nursery after sowing seeds until the seedlings
are ready for transplanting. (6 marks)
c) Explain eight factors that can encourage soil erosion. (8 marks)

a) State and explain the various land tenure systems practised in Kenya. (10 marks)
b) State five importance of land preparation. (5 marks)
c) State five uses of farm records. (5 marks)