a) Name two isothermal layers of the atmosphere. (2marks)
b) State three ways in which the atmosphere is heated. (3marks)

a) The diagram below shows a compressional plate boundary .

Name
i) The feature marked F. (1mk)
ii) The ozone marked G. (1mk)
b) State three effects of plate collision on compressional plate boundaries. (3mks)

a) Differentiate between weathering and mass wasting. (2mks)
b) Give three ways in which plants cause weathering in rocks. (3mks)

a) Give three conditions necessary for formation of artesian wells. (3mks)
b) State two significance of ground water. (2mks)

a) List TWO significance of ground water. (2mks)
b) State three ways in which a gorge is formed. (3mks)

Study the map of Migwani (sheet 151/1) provided and answer the following question.
a) i) Convert the scale of the map into statement scale. (2mks)
ii) Identify Two physical features found in Grid Square 1277 to the east the area covered by the map. (2mks)
iii) Which map sheet adjoin Migwani 151/1 to the east? (1mk)
b) i) Reduce the area bounded by Eastings 06 and 13 and Northing 63 and 70 by half. (2mks)
ii) In the reduced area, mark anad name the following features.
-Zombe and Kitui – Yoonge dry –weather road D509.
-Mutito forest ridge.
-Ikoo river
-Mutito (Ndooa) shops. (4mks)
iii) Calculate the new scale of the reduced area. (2mks)
c) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. (5mks)
d) Citing evidence from the map, explain TWO conditions that favour cattle rearing in the area covered by the map.
(4mks)
e) Students in your school studied the influence of relief on drainage of the area covered by the map.
i) Formulate a null hypothesis they may have used in their study. (1mk)
ii) State two reasons why they conducted a pre-visit. (2mks)

a) i) Differentiate between folding and faulting. (2mks)
ii) List three types of faults. (3mks)
b) State three ways in which faulting can influence drainage system. (3mks)
c) Using a well- labeled diagram, describe the formation of rift valley by tensional forces. (7mks)
d) Explain three effects of faulting on human activities. (6mks)
e) Students in your class conducted a field study on a faulted landscape in the Rift Valley of Kenya.
i) State two objectives that would guide their study. (2mks)
ii) State two reasons why you would need a route map. (2mks)

a) List two external land forming processes that may lead to the formation of lakes. (2mks)
b) Identify Three sources of water found in a lake. (3mks)
c) Give three ways in which lakes may influence the natural environment in which they are found. (6mks)
d) i) State three characteristics of lakes formed due to faulting. (3mks)
ii)Explain three reasons why some rift valley lakes are drying up. (6mks)
e) You intend to carry out a field study of lake Kanyaboli in Siaya county.
i) Design a working schedule you will use for your study. (3mks)
ii) Why would it be important to hold group discussion during breaks in the process of data collection. (2mks)

a) i) Define the term karst scenery. (2mks)
ii) Outline three conditions necessary for the formation of karst scenery. (6mks)
b) Using a well- labeled diagram, describe how the following features of limestone areas are formed.
i) Stalactite (5mks)
ii) Dolines (5mks)
c) Explain three ways in which limestone landscape influence human activities. (3mks)
d) Form four students of your school undertook a field study on a karst landscape.
i) State two objectives of their study. (2mks)
ii) Give two reasons why they concluded that some areas of karst landscape were unsuitable for settlement. (2mks)

a) Name two earthquake zones of the world. (2mks)
b) Apart from vulcanicity, give three causes of earthquakes. (3mks)
c) Using a well labeled diagram, describe how a composite cone is formed. (7mks)
d) Explain four negative effects of vulcanicity on the physical and human environment. (8mks)
e) You intend to carry out a field study on resultant of vulcanicity in the Rift Valley.
i) List three features you would study. (3mks)
ii) Give two methods you would use to record your data. (2mks)